The Pluralism Project at Harvard University

Asian-American Buddhism Bibliography

Compiled by Duncan Ryûken Williams (UC-Irvine, Jan. 2004)

Asian-American Buddhism (General)

McLellan, Janet. 1993. Many Petals of the Lotus: Redefinitions of Buddhist Identity in Toronto. York University, Ph.D. Dissertation. [includes Japanese, Tibetan, Vietnamese, Cambodian, and Chinese]

____. 1998. "Buddhist Identities in Toronto: The Interplay of Local, National, and Global Contexts." Social Compass 45/2: 227-245.

____. 2000. "Social Action among Toronto's Asian Buddhists." In Engaged Buddhism in the West. Christopher Queen, ed. Boston: Wisdom Publications, 280-303.

Susunasiri, Suwanda H. J. 1989. "Buddhism in Metropolitan Toronto: A Preliminary Overview." Canadian Ethnic Studies 21/2: 83-103.

Chinese-American

Chace, Paul G. 1991. "The Oldest Chinese Temples in California: A Landmarks Tour." Gum Saan Journal: Chinese Historical Society of Southern California (June): 1-19.

Chen, Carolyn. 2002. Getting Saved in America: Taiwanese Immigrants Converting to Evangelical Christianity and Buddhism. Ph.D. diss., University of California, Berkeley.

____. 2002. "The Religious Varieties of Ethnic Presence: A Comparison Between a Taiwanese Immigrant Buddhist Temple and an Evangelical Christian Church." Sociology of Religion 63/2: 215-38.

____. 2003. "Cultivating Acceptance by Cultivating Merit: The Public Engagement of a Chinese Buddhist Temple in American Society." In Revealing the Sacred in Asian and Pacific America. Jane Iwamura and Paul Spickard, eds., London: Routledge, 29-42.

Chandler, Stuart. 1998a. "Chinese Buddhism in America: Identity and Practice." In The Faces of Buddhism in America. Charles Prebish and Kenneth Tanaka, eds. Berkeley: University of California Press, 13-30.

____. 1998b. "Placing Palms Together: Religious and Cultural Dimensions of the Hsi Lai Temple Political Donations Controversy." In American Buddhism: Methods and Findings in Recent Scholarship. Duncan Williams and Christopher Queen, eds. London: Curzon Press, 36-56.

____. 2000. Establishing a Pureland on Earth: The Foguang Buddhist Perspective on Modernization and Globalization. Harvard University, Ph.D. Dissertation.

____. 2004. Establishing a Pure Land on Earth: The Foguang Buddhist Perspective on Modernization and Globalization. Honolulu: University of Hawai'i Press.

Grabiel, Susan Ann. 1996. The Hsi Lai Buddhist Temple: A New Locus for the Lotus, From Secular Space to Sacred Place. California State University, Fullerton, M.A. Thesis.

Lin, Irene. 1996. "Journey to the Far West: Chinese Buddhism in America," Amerasia Journal 22/1: 107-32; rpt. In New Spiritual Homes: Religion and Asian Americans. David Yoo, ed. Honolulu: university of Hawaii Press, 1999: 134-66.

Korean-American

Chai, Karen. 2000. Protestant-Catholic-Buddhist: Korean Americans and Religious Adaptation in Greater Boston. Harvard University, Ph.D. Dissertation.

Kim, Bok In. 2001. "Won Buddhism in the United States," In Korean-Americans and Their Religions: Pilgrims and Missionaries from a Different Shore. Ho-Youn Kwon, Kwang Chung Kim, and Stephan Warner, eds. University Park: Pennsylvania State University Press, 259-72.

Kwon, Okyun. 2000. Religious Beliefs and Socioeconomic Aspects of Life of Buddhist and Protestant Korean Immigrants. City University of New York, Ph.D. Dissertation.

Samu Sunim. 2001. "Turning the Wheel of Dharma in the West: Korean Son Buddhism in North America." In Korean-Americans and Their Religions: Pilgrims and Missionaries from a Different Shore. Ho-Youn Kwon, Kwang Chung Kim, and Stephan Warner, eds. University Park: Pennsylvania State University Press, 227-58.

Suh, Sharon Ann. 2000. Finding/Knowing One's Mind in Koreatown, Los Angeles: Buddhism, Gender and Subjectivity. Harvard University, Ph.D. Dissertation.

____. 2003. "'To be Buddhist is to be Korean': The Rhetorical Use of Authenticity and the Homeland in the Construction of Post-Immigration Identities." In Revealing the Sacred in Asian and Pacific America. Jane Iwamura and Paul Spickard, eds., London: Routledge, 177-92.

____. forthcoming. "Asserting Buddhist Selves in a Christian Land: The Maintenance of Religious Identity amongst Korean Buddhists in America" In Keeping the Faith: Korean Americans and Religion. David Yoo, ed. **

Soeng, Mu. 1998. "Korean Buddhism in America: A New Style of Zen." In The Faces of Buddhism in America. Charles Prebish and Kenneth Tanaka, eds. Berkeley: University of California Press, 117-28.

Yu, Eui-Young. 1988. "The Growth of Korean Buddhism in the United States, With Special Reference to Southern California." Pacific World 4: **; rpt. In Korean-Americans and Their Religions: Pilgrims and Missionaries from a Different Shore. Ho-Youn Kwon, Kwang Chung Kim, and Stephan Warner, eds. University Park: Pennsylvania State University Press, 2001, 211-26.

Tibetan-American

Eldershaw, Lynn. 1994. Refugees in the Dharma: A Study of Revitalization in the Buddhist Church of Halifax. Acadia University, M.A. Thesis.

____. 1995. (with Lorne Dawson) "Refugees in the Dharma: The Buddhist Church of Halifax as a Revitalization Movement." North American Religion 4: 1-45.

McLellan, Janet. 1987. "Religion and Ethnicity: The Role of Buddhism in Maintaining Ethnic Identity among Tibetans in Lindsay, Ontario." Candian Ethnic Studies 19/1: 63-76.

Messerschmidt, D. 1976. "Innovation in Adaptation: Tibetan Immigrants in the United States." Tibet Society Journal 10: 48-70.

Mullen, Eve Louise. 1999. Tibetan Buddhism, American Interests: Influences Upon the Lay and Monastic Relationship in New York's Tibetan Buddhist Immigrant Community. Temple University, Ph.D. Dissertation.

____. 2001. The American Occupation of Tibetan Buddhism: Tibetans and Their American Hosts in New York City. Münster, Germany: Waxmann Verlag.

South/Southeast Asian -- Theravada (General)

Bankston, Carl L. III. 1997. "Bayou Lotus: Theravada Buddhism in Southwestern Louisiana," Sociological Spectrum 17/4: 453-72.

Battisti, R. 1989. "Preserving the Spiritual and Cultural Heritage of Amerasian and Southeast Asian Families." In Reasons for Living and Hoping: The Spiritual and Psycho-Social Needs of Southeast Asian Refugee Children and Youth Resettled in the United States. Washington, D.C.: Intl. Catholic Child Bureau, **

Bernstein, S. 1989. "Reflections on What It Means to Be an American Buddhist." In Reasons for Living and Hoping: The Spiritual and Psycho-Social Needs of Southeast Asian Refugee Children and Youth Resettled in the United States. Washington, D.C.: Intl. Catholic Child Bureau, **

Campbell, Milo K. 1989. "The Influenece of Buddhism on the Transitional Southeast Asian Refugee Student." Religion and Public Education 16/2:279-82.

Canda, Edward and Thitiya Phaobtong. 1992. "Buddhism as a Support System for Southeast Asian Refugees. Social Work 37/1: 61-67.

Fung, Timothy. 1999. The Vinaya of the Living Theravada Buddhist Tradition in the West. California Institute of Integral Studies, Ph.D. Dissertation.

Numrich, Paul David. 1992. Americanization in Immigrant Theravada Buddhist Temples. Northwestern University, Ph.D. Dissertation.

____. 1994. "Vinaya in Theravada Temples in the United States." Journal of Buddhist Ethics 1: 23-32.

____. 1996. Old Wisdom in the New World: Americanization in Two Immigrant Theravada Buddhist Temples. Knoxville: University of Tennessee Press.

____. 1998. "Theravâda Buddhism in America: Prospects for the Sangha." In The Faces of Buddhism in America. Charles Prebish and Kenneth Tanaka, eds. Berkeley: University of California Press, 147-62.

Van Esterik, Penny. 1980. "Cultural Factors Affecting Adjustment of Southeast Asian Refugees." in Southeast Asian Exodus: From Tradition to Settlement. E. Tepper, ed. Ottawa: Canadian Asian Studies Association, **

South/Southeast Asian -- Sri Lankan

Blackburn, Anne. 1987. The Evolution of Sinhalese Buddhist Identity: Reflections on Process. Swarthmore College, B.A. Thesis.

Fitzpatrick, Bridget M. 2000. Diversity in Practice: Placemaking among Sinhalese and Americans at the Washington Buddhist Vihara. The American University, Ph.D. Dissertation.

Numrich, Paul David. forthcoming. "Schism in the Sinhalese Buddhist Community of Los Angeles." In Festschrift for Edmund Perry. Thomas Ryba, et. al., eds. Evanston, IL: Northwestern University Press, **

South/Southeast Asian -- Vietnamese

Breyer, Chloe Anne. 1992. Religious Liberty in Law and Practice: Vietnamese Home Temples in California and the First Amendment. Harvard University, B.A. Thesis.

____. 1993. "Religious Liberty in Law and Practice: Vietnamese Home Temples in California and the First Amendment," Journal of Church and State 35: 367-404.

Dorais, Louis-Jacques. 1989. "Religion and Refugee Adaptation: The Vietnamese in Montreal," Canadian Ethnic Studies 21/1: 19-29.

Farber, Don. 1987. Taking Refuge in L.A.: Life in a Vietnamese Buddhist Temple. New York: Aperture Foundation.

Heifetz, Julie Ann. 1980. The Role of the Clergy at the Vietnamese Buddhist Temple in Los Angeles as Culture Brokers in Vietnamese Refugee Resettlement. University of Houston, M.A. Thesis.

Le, Chan N. 1994. Music Among Vietnamese Buddhists in Hartford, Connecticut. Wesleyan University, M.A. Thesis.

Le, Daniel Dinh Phuoc. 1980. Vietnamese Refugees' Perceptions and Methods for Coping with Mental Illnesses. United States International University, Ph.D. Dissertation.

Lee, Jonathan. 2003. "Ancestral Veneration in Vietnamese Buddhism in the U.S." Viet-My: Journal of the Vietnamese Institute of Philosophy and Religion 1: ***

McLellan, Janet. 1992. "Hermit Crabs and Refugees: Adaptive Strategies of Vietnamese Buddhists in Toronto." In The Quality of Life in Southeast Asia. B. Matthews, ed. Montreal: Canadian Asian Studies Association, 203-19.

Nguyen, Cuong Tu and A.W. Barber. 1998. "Vietnamese Buddhism in North America: tradition and Acculturation." In The Faces of Buddhism in America. Charles Prebish and Kenneth Tanaka, eds. Berkeley: University of California Press, 129-46.

Nguyen, Son Xuan. 1985. Evangelization of Vietnamese Buddhist Refugees. Claremont School of Theology, Ph.D. Dissertation.

Routledge, Paul. 1982. The Role of Religion in Ethnic Identity: The Vietnamese of Oklahoma City, 1975-1982. University of Oklahoma, Ph.D. Dissertation.

____. 1985. The Role of Religion in Ethnic Self-Identity: A Vietnamese Community. Lanham, MD: University Press of America.

Soucy, Alexander Duncan. 1994. Gender and Division of Labour in a Vietnamese-Canadian Buddhist Pagoda. Concordia University, M.A. Thesis.

Taylor, Marsha L. 1995. How Buddhist Vietnamese Parents Make Decisions for Their Adolescent Children who Attend Tara High School: A Case Study (Georgia). Georgia State University, Ph.D. Dissertation.

South/Southeast Asian -- Cambodian

Canniff, Julie. 1999. Traveling the Middle Path: The Cultural Epistemology of Success, A Case Study of Three Cambodian Families. Harvard University, Ph.D. Dissertation.

Chath, Pier Sath. 2000. Coping Methods: Personal and Community Resources Used among Cambodians in Cambodia and Cambodian-Americans in Lowell, Massachusetts. University of Massachusetts, Lowell, M.A. Thesis.

Douglas, Thomas J. 2003. "The Cross and the Lotus: Changing Religious Practices Among Cambodian Immigrants in Seattle." In Revealing the Sacred in Asian and Pacific America. Jane Iwamura and Paul Spickard, eds., London: Routledge, 159-76.

Kalab, Milada. 1990. "Buddhism and Emotional Support for Elderly People." Journal of Cross-Cultural Gerontology 5: 7-19.

Kennedy, Wayne Alexander. 2000. Religious Imagery at the Khmer Pagoda of Canada: The Significance of Images for Education. Concordia University, M.A. Thesis.

Khmer-Buddhist Educational Assistance Project, ed. 1990. Buddhism and Khmer Society: Three Talks to Khmer Monks and Novices. Amherst: Khmer-Buddhist Educational Assistance Project.

McLellan, Janet. 1995. An Evaluation of the Resettlement, Adaptation and Integration of Cambodian Refugees in Ontario. Toronto: York Lanes Press.

Mortland, Carol A. 1994. "Khmer Buddhists in the United States: Ultimate Questions." In Cambodian Culture Since 1975: Homeland and Exile. May Ebihara, et. al. ed. Ithaca: Cornell University Press, **

Smith-Hefner, Nancy. 1999. Khmer American: Identity and Moral Education in a Diasporic Community. Berkeley: University of California Press.

West, Cheryl. 2000. Pathways of Thriving and Resilience: Growth Responses to Adversity and Trauma in Two Cambodian Communities. A Comparative Study between Lowell, Massachusetts and Phnom Penh, Cambodia. University of Massachusetts, Lowell, M.A. Thesis.

South/Southeast Asian -- Laotian

Burford, Grace. 1981. "Lao Retrospectives: Religion in a Cultural Context." Journal of Refugee Resettlement 1/3: 50-58.

Engebretson, N. 1983. Stability and Change of Religious Practices of Lao Refugees in Northern Illinois. Northern Illinois University, M.A. Thesis.

Leduc, Louis S. 1993. "Migration and Religion: Ministering to Lao Refugees in the United States." Migration World 21/1: 26-30.

Muecke, M. 1987. "Resettled Refugees' Reconstruction of Identity: Lao in Seattle." Urban Anthropology 16/3-4: 273-89.

Scott, George M. 1987. "The Lao Hmong Refugees in San Diego: Their Religious Transformation and Its Implication for Geertz's Thesis." Ethnic Studies Report 5/2: 32-46.

Van Esterik, Penny. 1993. Taking Refuge: Lao Buddhism in North America. Tempe, AR: Arizona State University, Program in Southeast Asian Studies.

____. 1998. "Ritual and Performance of Buddhist Identity among Lao Buddhists in North America." In American Buddhism: Methods and Findings in Recent Scholarship. Duncan Williams and Christopher Queen, eds. London: Curzon Press, 57-68.

Westmeyer, Joseph and Sean Nugent. 1994. "Religiosity and Pychosocial Adjustment among 100 Hmong Refugees." Asian American and Pacific Islander Journal of Health 2/2: 133-45.

White, Jeanne. 2000. "How Can I Make It Here?" The Adaptation to Rural American Life by Lao Refugee Women. University of Georgia, Ph.D. Dissertation.

Winland, Daphne N. 1992. "The Role of Religious Affiliation in Refugee Resettlement: The Case of the Hmong." Canadian Ethnic Studies 24/1: 96-119.

Japanese-American

Abrams, Carlotta Lady Izumi. 1997. Speaking through the Silence: Uncovering the Buddhist Tradition in Joy Kogawa's Obasan. Ph.D. diss., University of Southern Mississippi.

Agena, Masako and Eiko Yoshinaga. 1941. "'Daishi-Do': A Form of Religious Movement." Social Process in Hawaii 7: 15-20.

Akahoshi, Hidefumi. 1963. "Hongwanji in Rural Japan and Cosmopolitan Hawaii." Social Process in Hawaii 26: 80-82.

Akiyama, Linda. 1989. Reverend Yoshio Iwanaga and the Early History of Doyo Buyo and Bon Odori in California. M.A. thesis, University of California, Los Angeles.

Asai, Susan. 1985. "Horaku: A Buddhist Tradition of Performing Arts and the Development of Taiko Drumming in the United States." Selected Reports in Ethnomusicology 6: 163-72.

Bandô, Shôjun. 1967. "D.T. Suzuki's Life in La Salle." The Eastern Buddhist 2/1: 137-47.

Becker, Carl. 1990. "Japanese Pure Land Buddhism in Christian America." Buddhist Christian Studies 10: 143-56.

Bloom, Alfred. 1985-86. "The Light of the East Moves West: Shin Buddhism in the United States and Hawaii." Spring Wind 5/4: 1-11.

____. 1990. "The Unfolding of the Lotus: Developments in Shin Buddhism in the West." Buddhist-Christian Studies 10: 157-64.

____. 1995. "The Western Pure Land: Shin in America." Tricycle 4/4: 58-63.

____. 1998a. "Shin Buddhism in America: A Social Perspective." In The Faces of Buddhism in America. Charles Prebish and Kenneth Tanaka, ed. Berkeley: University of California Press, 31-48.

____. 1998b. "The Unique Position of Shin Buddhism in Western Society." Shinshû sôgô kenkyûjo kiyô 16: 69-74.

Bobilin, Robert and Alfred Bloom. 1981. "Preliminary Report: Study of Nichiren Shoshu Academy in Hawaii." In Hawaii Nikkeijin shakai to Nihon shûkyô: Hawaii nikkeijin shûkyô chôsa hôkokusho. Yanagawa Keiichi and Morioka Kiyomi, eds. Tokyo: Tokyo daigaku shûkyôgaku kenkyûshitsu, 154-58.

Buddhist Churches of America, ed. 1974. Buddhist Churches of America, Vol. 1: 75 Year History, 1899-1974. Chicago: Nobart Inc.

Cabacungan, Domingo H. 1976. "The Japanese: Buddha and Christ." In Hoops and Plains People: A Catalogue of Ethnic Resources in the Humanites, Nebraska and Thereabouts. Lincoln, Nebraska: Nebraska Curriculum Development Center, University of Nebraska, 407-15.

Chadwick, David. 1999. Crooked Cucumber: The Life and Zen Teaching of Shunryu Suzuki. New York: Broadway Books/Random House.

Chappell, David W. 2000. "Racial Diversity in the Soka Gakkai?" In Engaged Buddhism in the West. Christopher Queen, ed. Somerville, MA: Wisdom Publications, 184-217.

Clark, Peter Yuichi. 2001. Japanese Americans and Aging: Toward an Interreligious Spirituality. Emory University, Ph.D. Dissertation.

____. 2003. "Compassion Among Aging Nisei Japanese Americans." In Revealing the Sacred in Asian and Pacific America. Jane Iwamura and Paul Spickard, eds., London: Routledge, 43-66.

Davis, Susan. 1993. "Mountain of Compassion: Dharma in American Internment Camps." Tricycle: The Buddhist Review 2/4: 46-51.

Fader, Larry A. 1982. "Zen in the West: Historical and Philosophical Implications of the 1893 Chicago World's Parliament of Religions." The Eastern Buddhist 15/1: 122-45.

____. 1986. "D.T. Suzuki's Contribution to the West." In A Zen Life: D.T. Suzuki Remembered. Masao Abe, ed. New York: Weatherhill, 97-99.

Fellows, Donald K. 1972. "Japanese Buddhism: Its Imprint on a California Landscape." California Geographer 13: 49-58.

Finney, Henry C. 1991. "American Zen's 'Japan Connection'." Sociological Analysis 52: 379-96.

Fujimura, Bunyû. 1995. Though I Be Crushed: The Wartime Experiences of a Buddhist Minister. Los Angeles: The Nembutsu Press.

Fujita, Stephen and Marilyn Fernandez. 2002. "Religion and Japanese Americans' Views of World War II Incarceration." Journal of Asian American Studies 5/2: 113-37.

Fujitani, Pat. 1975. History of Buddhist Women in Hawaii: Shinshu Experience. Senior thesis, University of Hawaii.

Fukushima, Shinyetsu. 1990. Going with the Flow: Ten Years at Zenshuji. Los Angeles: North American Headquarters of Soto Zen Buddhism.

Fung, Gordon and Gregory Fung. 1993. "Adapting Jôdo-Shinshû Teaching for the West." Pacific World 9: 24-31.

Goa, David J. and Harold G. Coward. 1983. "Sacred Ritual, Sacred Language: Jodo Shinshu Religious Forms in Transition." Studies in Religion 12/4: 363-79.

Hamrin, Tina. 1996. Dansreligionen i Japansk Immigrantmiljo pa Hawai'i: via Helbragdagorare och Jodo Shinshu-praster till Nationalistisk Millennarism. Stockholm, Sweden: Stockholm studies in comparative religion no. 32, Almqvist & Wiksell International.

Hasegawa, Atsuko and Nancy Shiraki, ed. 1989. Hosha: A Pictorial History of Jodo Shinshu Women in Hawaii. Honolulu: Hawaii Federation of Honpa Hongwanji Buddhist Women's Associations.

Hasegawa, Charles. 1963. "The Hongwanji Buddhist Minister in Hawaii: A Study of an Occupation." Social Process in Hawaii 26: 73-79.

Hawaii Hongwanji Ministers' Association. 1991. Biographical History of Hawaii Hongwanji Ministers. Honolulu: Hawaii Hongwanji Ministers' Association.

Holtzapple, Vicki. 1977. Soka Gakkai in Midwestern America: A Case Study of a Transpositional Movement. Ph.D. diss., Washington University.

Honpa Hongwanji Mission of Hawaii Centennial Publication Committee. 1989. A Grateful Past, A Promising Future: Namu Amida Butsu, 100 Centennial Commemoration, 1889-1989. Honolulu: Honpa Hongwanji Mission of Hawaii.

Horinouchi, Isao. 1973. Americanized Buddhism: A Sociological Analysis of a Protestantized Japanese Religion. University of California, Davis, Ph.D. Dissertation.

Hoshino Eiki. 1983. "The Birth of an American Sangha: An Analysis of a Zen Center in America." In Japanese Religions in California: A Report on Research within and without the Japanese-American Community. Yanagawa, Keiichi, ed. Tokyo: Dept. of Religious Studies, University of Tokyo, 29-72.

Hunter, Louise H. 1971. Buddhism in Hawaii: Its Impact on a Yankee Community. Honolulu: University of Hawaii Press.

Hurst, Jane. 1980. The Nichiren Shoshû Sokagakkai in America: The Ethos of a New Religious Movement. Ph.D. diss., Temple University.

____. 1992. Nichiren Shoshu Buddhism and the Soka Gakkai in America: The Ethos of a New Religious Movement. New York: Garland Publ.

____. 1998. "Nichiren Shôshû and Soka Gakkai in America: The Pioneer Spirit." In The Faces of Buddhism in America. Charles Prebish and Kenneth Tanaka, eds. Berkeley: University of California Press, 79-98.

Ichikawa, Akira. 1994. "A Test of Religious Tolerance: Canadian Government and Jodo Shinshu Buddhism During the Pacific War," Canadian Ethnic Studies 26/2: 46-69.

Iino Masako. 2002. "Buddhist Churches and the Japanese Canadian Community in British Columbia." Tokyo daigaku Amerika taiheiyô kenkyû 2: ***

Imamura, Jane. 1998. Kaikyo: Opening the Dharma, Memoirs of a Buddhist Priest's Wife in America. Honolulu: Buddhist Study Center Press.

Imamura, Ryo M. 1986. A Comparative Study of Temple and Non-Temple Buddhist Ministers of the Jodo Shin Sect Using Jungian Psychological Types. University of San Francisco, Ph.D. Dissertation.

Kanda, Shigeo. 1978. "Recovering Cultural Symbols: A Case for Buddhism in the Japanese American Communities." Journal of the American Academy of Religion 14/4: 445-75.

Kashima, Tetsuden. 1975. The Social Organization of the Buddhist Churches of America: Continuity and Social Change. University of California, San Diego, Ph.D. Dissertation.

____. 1977. Buddhism in America: The Social Organization of an Ethnic Religious Institution. Westport, CT: Greenwood Press.

____. 1990. "The Buddhist Churches of America: Challenges for Change in the 21st Century." Pacific World 6: 28-40.

Kassel, Marleen. 1992. "Two Japanese New Religions in Flushing: The Tenrikyo Mission and the Nichiren Shoshu Daihonzan Myosetsu Temple." Long Island Historical Journal 5/1: 81-90.

Kawamura, Leslie. 1977. "Buddhism in Southern Alberta." In Religion and Culture in Canada. Peter Slater, ed. Waterloo: Wilfred Laurier University Press, 491-506.

____. 1978. "Changes in the Japanese True Pure Land Buddhism in Alberta: A Case Study, Honpa Buddhist Church." In Religion and Ethnicity. Harold Coward and Leslie Kawamura, eds. Waterloo: Wilfred Laurier University Press, 37-55.

Ketelaar, James. 1993. "The Reconveing of Babel: Eastern Buddhism and the 1893 World's Parliament of Religions." In A Museum of Faiths: Histories and Legacies of the 1893 World's Parliament of Religions. Eric J. Ziolkowski, ed. Atlanta, GA: Scholars Press, 251-304.

Kikuchi, Shigeo. 1991. Memoirs of a Buddhist Woman Missionary in Hawaii. Honolulu: Buddhist Study Center Press.

Kimura, Sueko H. 1958. "Japanese Funeral Practices in Pahoa." Social Process in Hawaii 22: 21-25.

Kodani, Masao. 1996. "Buddhist Churches of America History: Problems of Propagation and Projections for the Future." In Shinran and America: Problems and Future of Propagation in America. Institute for the Study of Buddhist Cultures, Ryukoku University, ed. Kyoto: Institute for the Study of Buddhist Cultures, Ryukoku University, 69-82.

Kollmar, Richard. 1985. "The Japanese Experience and the Future of Buddhism in Hawaii." Spring Wind 5/4: 33-37.

Kurita Yasuyuki. 1983. "Buddhist Churches of America in San Jose, California." In Japanese Religions in California: A Report on Research within and without the Japanese-American Community. Yanagawa, Keiichi, ed. Tokyo: Dept. of Religious Studies, University of Tokyo, 17-28.

McLellan, Janet. 1999. Many Petals of the Lotus: Five Asian Buddhist Communities in Toronto. Toronto: University of Toronto Press.

Machacek, David Wayne. 1998. Soka Gakkai in America: Assimilation and Conversion. Ph.D. diss., University of California, Santa Barbara.

____ and Phillip Hammond. 1999. Soka Gakkai in America: Accomodation and Conversion. New York: Oxford University Press.

Machacek, David and Kerry Mitchell. 2000. "Immigrant Buddhists in America." Global Citizens: The Soka Gakkai Buddhist Movement in the World. David Machacek and Bryan Wilson, eds. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 259-79.

Masatsugu, Michael. 2004. Reorienting the Pure Land. Ph.D. diss., University of California, Irvine.

Matsuura, Shinobu. 1986. Higan: Compassionate Vow--Selected Writings of Shinobu Matsuura. Berkeley: Matsuura Family.

Moriya Tomoe. 2000a. Yemyo Imamura: Pioneer American Buddhist. Honolulu: Buddhist Study Center Press. (Tr. Tsuneishi Takeshita)

____. 2000b. "The Impact of Cross-Cultural Expansion of Religion: A Case Study of Pure Land Buddhism in Early Twentieth Century Hawaii." Meiji Gakuin daigaku kokusaigakubu fuzoku kenkyûjo nenpô 3: 147-56.

Mullins, Mark R. 1987. "The Life-Cycle of Ethnic Churches in Sociological Perspective." Japanese Journal of Religious Studies 14/4: 321-334.

____. 1988. "The Organizational Dilemmas of Ethnic Churches: A Case Study of Japanese Buddhism in Canada." Sociological Analysis 49/3: 217-33.

____. 1989. Religious Minorities in Canada: A Sociological Study of the Japanese Experience. Lewiston, NY: Edwin Mellen Press.

Nakagaki, Masami. 1983. "The Role of Buddhist Temples in Japanese-American Communities in the U.S.A." Pacific World 1: 10-13.

Nakagawa, Sôen and Nyogen Senzaki and Eido Shimano. 1976. Namu Dai Bosa: A Transmission of Zen Buddhism to America. New York: Theatre Arts Books.

Ogden, Tara. 1995. Gambarimashô! Religion Among the Japanese in America during World War II. University of California, Santa Barbara, M.A. Thesis.

Ogura, Kosei. 1932. A Sociological Study of the Buddhist Churches in North America, With a Case Study of Gardena, California, Congregation. M.A. thesis, University of Southern California.

Okihiro, Gary Y. 1984. "Religion and Resistance in America's Concentration Camps," Phylon: Review of Race and Culture 45/3: 220-33.

Onishi, Katsumi. 1938. "Bon and Bon Odori in Hawaii." Social Process in Hawaii 4: 49-57.

Pierce, Lori Anne. 2000. Constructing American Buddhisms: Discourses of Race and Religion in Territorial Hawai'i. University of Hawaii, Ph.D. Dissertation.

Powell, Melvin , Jr. 1985. Nichiren Shoshu Soka Gakkai of America in Tucson, Arizona: Portrait of an Imported Religion. M.A. thesis, University of Arizona.

Rust, William Charles. 1951. The Shin Sect of Buddhism in America -- Its Antecedents, Beliefs, and Present Condition. University of Southern California, Ph.D. Dissertation.

Sairenji, Ayako. 2002. From Ethnic Church to Multi-Cultural Congregation: The Transformation of a Japanese-American Buddhist Church. M.A. thesis, Drew University.

Skillman, Amy E. 1988. "The Senshin Gakuin and the Dharma School of the Senshin Buddhist Church of Los Angeles." In Ethnic Heritage and Language Schools in America. Washington, D.C.: American Folklife Center, Library of Congress, 157-75.

Smith, Mary D. 1966. "The Bon Odori in Hawaii and in Japan." IFMC Journal 14: 36-39.

Snow, Elson B. 1997. "The Sprouting of Shinshu Literature in the United States." Hou-u: Dharma Rain 1/2: 1-5.

Spencer, Robert F. 1947. Japanese Buddhism in the United States: A Study in Acculturation. University of California, Berkeley, Ph.D. Dissertation.

Suzuki, Lester E. 1979. Ministry in the Assembly and Relocation Centers in World War II. Berkeley: Yardbird Publ.

Takahashi, Kyojiro. 1937. A Social Study of the Japanese Shinto and Buddhism in Los Angeles. M.A. thesis, University of Southern California.

Tanabe, George J. 1985-86. "The Death and Renewal of Japanese Buddhism in Hawaii." Spring Wind 5/4: 26-32.

____. 1994. "Glorious Gathas: Americanization and Japanization in Honganji Hymns." In Engaged Pure Land Buddhism: Challenges Facing Jôdô Shinshû in the Contemporary World. Berkeley: WisdomOcean Publications, 221-37.

Tanaka, Kenneth K. 1993. "BCA: The Lotus that Bloomed Behind Barbed Wire." Turning Wheel (Spring): 41-42.

____. 1996. "The Challenges Facing Jodo-Shinshu Buddhist Propagation in America." In Shinran and America: Problems and Future of Propagation in America. Institute for the Study of Buddhist Cultures, Ryukoku University, ed. Kyoto: Institute for the Study of Buddhist Cultures, Ryukoku University, 53-68.

____. 1997. Ocean: An Introduction to Jodo-Shinshu Buddhism in America. Berkeley: WisdomOcean Publications.

____. 1998. "Issues of Ethnicity in the Buddhist Churches of America," In American Buddhism: Methods and Findings in Recent Scholarship. Duncan Williams and Christopher Queen, ed. London: Curzon Press, 3-19.

____. 1999. "Perspectives of Asian American Buddhists on American Buddhism." Bukkyôgaku 41: 1-19.

Tuck, Donald R. 1987. Buddhist Churches of America: Jôdo Shinshû. Lewiston, NY: Studies in American Religion Vol. 28, The Edwin Mellon Press.

Tworkov, Helen. 1989. Zen in America: Profiles of Five Teachers. San Francisco: North Point Press.

Unno, Taitetsu. 1998. "Shin Buddhism in the West: The Question of Authenticity." In Engaged Pure Land Buddhism: Challanges Facing Shinshû in the Contemporary World--Essays in Honor of Professor Alfred Bloom. Berkeley: WisdomOcean Publ, 3-26.

Unno, Tetsuo. 1986. "Notes on the Americanization of Jodo Shinshu Buddhism: Urgency, Adaptation, and Existential Relevance in America, 1986 and Beyond." Pacific World 2: 11-17.

Van Zile, Judy. 1982. The Japanese Bon Dance in Hawaii. Kailua, Hawaii: Press Pacifica.

____. 1983. "Japanese Bon Dance and Hawaii: Mutual Influences." Social Process in Hawaii 30: 49-58.

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